PrivadoVPN
PrivadoVPN’s contract moved from Switzerland to Iceland
Contracting entity and payment-processing roles; not a data-handover case
STEALTHVPN / INVESTIGATIONS
Logging promises, real legal requests, company history and documented relationships. Read the record, the response and what the evidence can actually tell you.
Labels identify the source, not a security rating or independent StealthVPN testing. Read the document scope and limits.
Read what was requested, what was supplied, which product and operator were involved, and the date. A company statement, a sworn complaint, an agreement and a court finding carry different meanings. A historical incident does not certify or condemn the current service.
A STARTING FILE, NOT A COMPLETE HISTORY
PrivadoVPN
Contracting entity and payment-processing roles; not a data-handover case
Proton VPN
Proton VPN; calendar-year transparency totals
NordVPN
NordVPN account data; Panamanian criminal investigation
ExpressVPN · Private Internet Access · CyberGhost
Ownership and potential commercial conflicts
PrivateVPN
Historical corporate acquisition and management transition
NordVPN · Surfshark
Shared corporate group; separate service operators
ExpressVPN
A documented employee relationship; earlier UAE hacking work
Proton VPN
Proton Mail; related company, different product
ExpressVPN · Private Internet Access · CyberGhost
Historical parent-company business; current VPN brands are distinct
NordVPN
One third-party-hosted server in Finland
PureVPN
PureVPN at the time of the Ryan Lin investigation; historical connection metadata
Private Internet Access
London Trust Media / PIA, before Kape ownership
No selected case files match these filters. This does not establish that no relevant event exists.
UNPACK “NO LOGS”
Browsing history, connection metadata, account identity, billing records and support messages are different categories. These policy summaries are attributed company statements. They are not a technical finding that every system follows the policy.
Collects coarse connection-day/location information and per-user transfer totals, while denying activity and precise connection logs.
ExpressVPN privacy policy (opens in a new tab)
Related case filesTemporary session controls and a 90-day service-use flag sit alongside its no-activity-logs claim.
NordVPN privacy notice (opens in a new tab) · Nord Account privacy policy (opens in a new tab)
Related case filesDenies browsing, DNS, IP, timestamp and bandwidth logs; account/payment information and optional reports remain separate.
PIA privacy policy (opens in a new tab)
Related case filesVPN-session claims differ from optional Proton Account login-IP logging and anti-abuse checks.
Proton VPN privacy policy (opens in a new tab) · Proton VPN logging explanation (opens in a new tab) · Proton account privacy policy (opens in a new tab)
Related case filesTemporary VPN connection identifiers are distinct from longer-lived account, billing and support records.
Surfshark privacy policy (opens in a new tab)
Related case filesDenies identifiable VPN logs but describes aggregate connection events and optional support diagnostics.
CyberGhost: privacy policy and Romanian operator (opens in a new tab)
Related case filesTemporary troubleshooting records and monthly traffic counters qualify its broad no-session-logs statement.
hide.me privacy policy (opens in a new tab)
Related case filesDenies activity logs but describes connection dates, ISP information and bandwidth totals, with add-on exceptions.
PureVPN: privacy policy and BVI operator (opens in a new tab)
Related case filesDenies VPN traffic, DNS and session-IP logs while retaining account/plan bandwidth counters and other account data.
PrivadoVPN: privacy policy and payment entities (opens in a new tab)
Related case filesDenies VPN activity, IP, timestamp and bandwidth logs; billing processors and support still handle identifying data.
PrivateVPN: privacy and payment records (opens in a new tab)
Related case filesRELATIONSHIPS WITH DATES
Unikmind: offer for Kape Technologies (opens in a new tab) · Kape: group brands, including PIA and ExpressVPN (opens in a new tab)
The shareholding is historical. This diagram records corporate links, not a finding that a shareholder can read VPN traffic or that a review has been manipulated.
US v. Baier, Adams and Gericke: signed deferred prosecution agreement (opens in a new tab) · ExpressVPN: official response about Daniel Gericke (opens in a new tab)
Historical employment, not a current staff directory. The agreement is not a conviction, and this record does not document an ExpressVPN customer-data handover.
THE STANDARD FOR A FINDING
Prefer court documents, regulatory filings, original security research and dated company disclosures. Identify mirrored documents and the precise paragraph or page. A complaint records allegations; an agreement records its terms; neither is automatically a judgment on every claim.
Identify whether a person was an owner, director, employee or contractor at the relevant time. Attribute documented conduct and give the company’s published response. A former role, nationality or an association alone is not evidence of customer surveillance.
Distinguish the operator at the time from later owners, retained records from new targeted collection, and one product from another. Record remediation as reported until independently checked. Unknowns stay visible. This first selection is not an exhaustive court-docket or beneficial-ownership investigation.
Providers with and without affiliate programs receive the same evidence treatment. Case counts measure this selection’s coverage, not risk. No secret-access claim, guilt score or “clean history” badge is inferred from missing information.
Company marks identify the subjects discussed, not a finding or endorsement. Logo sources and reuse notes.
Manual research reviewed 2026-11-06. Price collection does not refresh these records. Corrections or newly obtained documents should update the finding, source locator and review date together.